Контрольная работа по "Английскому языку"

Кроме того, в обществе было разработано много неформальных способов проветривания конфликта, в том числе дискуссии, поясья, демонстрации, опросы, рекламные объявления и даже пьесы, песни, и мультфильмы. Средства массовой информации обеспечивают свободные средства (и даже поощряют) небольшие группы людей с обидой, чтобы сделать весьма заметные публичные заявления. Любой из этих способов и средств может либо освободить напряженность и содействовать компромиссу или разжечь их дальнейшей поляризации различий. Нерешенный или умеренный конфликт приводит к изменению и может привести к более высокому уровню конфликта: судебные иски, саботаж, насилию или полномасштабной революции или войне.

Межгрупповые конфликты, законные или нет, не обязательно заканчиваются, когда одной части общества, наконец, удалось осуществить решение в его пользу. Сопротивление группы может затем запустить напряжение, отменить, изменить или обойти изменения, и поэтому конфликт сохраняется. Конфликт, однако, может также укрепить действия группы, обе страны и их семей, как правило, более единой во время кризиса. Иногда группа лидеров использовать эти знания сознательно провоцируя конфликты с внешней группой, таким образом, снижает напряжение и укрепляет поддержку внутри своей собственной группы.

Task. Put 15 questions to the text so that answering them you could give the gist of the entire test.

1. Why is social interaction patterned?
2. In which forms culture provide guidelines for human?
3. What do Americans  tend to?
4. By what is individuality encouraged?
5. What does exert pressure on individuals?
6. What can limit any individuals freedom?
7. For what do nations compete?
8. When does conflict particularly acute?
9. What can drive people into extreme positions?
10. By what are laws laid down in family groups and small societies?
11. What does goverment provide on a larger scale?
12. For whom people prefere to vote?
13. What does involve elaborate compromises?
14. What do constitution establish?
15. Who can minorities become majority?

Task. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use Active voice instead of Passive.

1. Individuality is encouraged by social structure. 2. A similar protection of political rights is provided by the two-house system in the federal legislature. 3. Every citizen in the country is equally represented in Congress. 4. In family groups and small societies, laws are laid down by recognized authorities, such as parents or elders. 5. In the U.S. political system, for example, federal and state governments have constittutions that establish rights for citizens that cannot be changed by elected officials. 6. In family groups and small societies, laws are laid down by recognized authorities, such as parents or elders.
1. Social structure is encouraging individuality.
2. The two-house system in the federal legislature provides similar protection of political rights.
3. Congress represents every citizen in the country  equally.
4. Recognized authorities lay down laws in family groups and small societies, such as parents or elders.
5. In the U.S. political system, for example, federal and state governments have constittutions that establish rights for citizens that elected officials can not change.
6. In family groups and small societies recognized authorities lay down laws such as parents or elders.

Task. Give the Russian equivalents for these words and phrases.

Intergroup conflict; efficient decision making; highlight elements; human beings; mutual animosities; organized system; infinite variety; to limit freedom; behavior guidelines; countless interactions; social patterns; provoke conflict; social trade-offs; declare illegal; exert influence; coalition of minorities; diffuse majority; federal legislature; representation in proportion to population; advertise intentions; airing conflict; people with a grievance; unwilligness to change; initial resistance; kin of system; carry weapons; failure to conform; compete for jobs; public security; establish rights.

Межгрупповые конфликты, эффективное принятие решений; выделить элементы, человеческие существа, взаимная враждебность, организованная система, бесконечное разнообразие, ограничение  свободы, поведение руководящих  принципов; бесчисленных взаимодействий, социальных структур, провоцируют конфликты, социальные компромиссы, объявить вне  закона, оказывать влияние, коалиция меньшинств; диффузное большинство, федерального законодательства, представительство  в пропорции к населению; реклама  намерения, проветривание конфликт, люди с жалоб; unwilligness изменить; начальное сопротивление, родственники системы; ношение оружия; несоблюдение; конкурировать за рабочие места, общественной безопасности , установить права.

Task. Give the English equivalents from the text for the following words and phrases:

Межгрупповой конфликт; объявить незаконным; вечно недовольные люди; спровоцировать конфликт; поощрять; нежелание  изменяться; организованное общество; приспосабливаться; эффективное принятие решений; многочисленные взаимодействия; человеческие существа; союз меньшинства; выделить элементы; оказать влияние; бесконечное разнообразие; социальные образцы; законодательство; нормы поведения; общественная безопасность; информировать  о намерениях; взаимная вражда; социальные уступки; соревноваться за власть; различий больше, чем общих интересов; ограничивать свободу.

Intergroup conflict, declare illegal, forever dissatisfied people, to provoke a conflict, to encourage, the reluctance to change, organized society, adapt, and effective decision making, multiple interactions, human beings, Union minority select items; influence; infinite diversity, social patterns, legislation; standards of conduct; public safety; informed of intentions, mutual hostility, the social concessions, compete for power, there are more differences than common interests to limit freedom.

Task. State what grammar constructions are used in the following sentences. Paraphrase them, introducing all necessary changes.

1. Behaving  in patterned ways, however, does not threaten our individuality. 2) Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas-not person or group wants to have the ideas or behavior of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal. 3) One stretegy for political minorities is to join forces, at least temporarily, with other small groups that have partly similar interests. 4) Conflict can, however, also solidify group action; both nations and families tend to be more unified during times of crisis. 5) Having developed many informal ways of airing conflict, the society used them in all spheres of its life. 6) The group leaders were supposed to have used this knowledge deliberately to provoke a conflict. 7) The great potential of human beings is said to be developed only thorough interaction with others.
1. However, does not threaten our individuality, behaving  in patterned ways.
2. Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas-not person or group wants to have the ideas or behavior of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal
3. One stretegy for political minorities is to join forces, with other small groups that have partly similar interests, at least temporarily.
4. However, also solidify group action; both nations and families tend to be more unified during times of crisis, conflict.
5. The society used them in all spheres of its life, having developed many informal ways of airing conflict.
6. Deliberately to provoke a conflict the group leaders were supposed to have used this knowledge.
7. Is said to be the great potential of human beings developed only thorough interaction with others.

Task. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English, using the words from the text:

1. Многообразное взаимодействие людей в различных сферах деятельности являются ключевой характеристикой общества. 2. Культура включает в себя образцы человеческих отношений. 3.Особое внимание уделяется возможности человека развиваться только во взаимодействии с другими людьми. 4. Нежелание индивида придерживаться существующих образцов поведения приводит к социальному конфликту. 5. Ни одно общество не существует без конфликтов и систем урегулирования их. 6. Конкуренция порождает конфликты. 7. Создавая законы для урегулирования конфликтов, группам с различными интересами приходится искать компромиссы. 8. Средства массовой информации используется для публичного обсуждения спорных вопросов. 9. Нежелание идти на компромисс может привести к серьезным социальным конфликтам. 10. Иногда конфликты провоцируются специально для того, чтобы отвлечь внимание людей от одной проблемы и привлечь их внимание к другой.

1. Diverse human interaction in various spheres of activity are a key feature of society. 2. Culture includes patterns of human relations. 3.Osoboe focuses on human capabilities develop only in interaction with other people. 4. Reluctance to adhere to the existing individual patterns of behavior leads to social conflict. Five. No society can not exist without conflicts and their resolution systems. 6. The competition gives rise to conflicts. 7. By creating laws to resolve conflicts, groups with different interests have to compromise. Eight. The media used for public discussion of controversial issues. 9. Unwillingness to compromise may lead to serious social conflict. 10. Sometimes the conflict is provoked specifically to divert people's attention on one issue and draw their attention to another.

Task. Sum up what the text has to say on each of the following points:

1. Social interaction;

Society is build on countless interactions among individual human beings, and human beings have the capacity to act with almost infinite variety. In the absence of social patterns, people would indeed find social life confusing. The assertion that human behavior is socially patterned often provokes some initial resistance.

2. competition;

Сonflict between people or groups often arises from competition for  resources power and status. Family members compete for attention. Individuals compete for jobs and wealth. Nations compete for territory and prestig. different interest groups compete for influence and the power to make rules. Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas- one person or group wants to have the ideas or behavior of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal.

c)social change;

Social change can be potent in evoking conflict. rarely if ever is a proposed social, economic, or political change likely to benefit every component of a social system equally, and so the groups that see themselves as possible losers resist. Mutual animosities and suspicions are aggravated by the inability of both proponents and opponents of any change to predict convincingly what all of the effects will be of making the change or of not making it. Conflict is particularly acute when only a few alternatives exist with no compromise possible- for example, between surrender and war or between candidate A and candidate B. Even though the issues may be complex and people may not be initially very far apart in their perceptions, the need to decide one way or the other can drive people into extreme positions to support their decision as to which alternative is preferable.

Task. Sum up the text in the shortest possible way.

Society is organized system, so social interaction is patterned. Society build on countless interactions among individual human beings. Culture provides guidelines for human behavior in the form of values and norms. Few human beings readily admit to being part of any kin of system. Individuality is encouraged by social structure. Social structure can limit any individual`s freedom to think and act in ways that may be personally preffered. Сonflict between people or groups often arises from competition for  resources power and status. Different interest groups compete for influence and the power to make rules. Social, economic, or political change can benefit every component of a social system equally. In family groups and small societies, laws are laid down by recognized authorities, such as parents or elders. In a democracy, the political system arbitrates social conflict by means of elections. A coalition of minorities may even become a majority, as long as their common interests outweigh their differences. A similar protection of political rights is provided by the two-house system in the federal legislature and in most state legislatures. Societies have developed many informal ways of airing conflict, including debates, strakes, demonstrations, polls, advertisements, and even plays, songs, and cartoons. Sometimes group leaders use this knowledge deliberately to provoke conflict with an outside group, thus reducing tensions and consolidating support within their own group.