Research Project in English-Climate and Weather of The Khabarovsky krai

The hottest temperature registered in the Khabarovsky krai:

In Khabarovsk weather forecasters have registered an absolute maximum of temperatures for June for 100 years of supervision over weather, - 35 degrees above zero. Are broken records on June, 17th, 2001 when it has been recorded 31,5 degree of heat, and on June, 18th, 2003 - 30,3 degrees. The reason of hot weather became dry hot weights of air from continental areas of Northeast of China. Very hot weather was observed in territory of all the Khabarovsky krai and the Jewish joint-stock company.

The coldest temperature registered in the Khabarovsky krai:

The temperature record of 30-years prescription is beaten in Khabarovsk - weather forecasters have registered a minus of 34 degrees that almost on two degrees is colder than the previous record for the February, 1st installed in 1979. The record of a cold for the February, 1st, installed in 1979, has made a minus of 32,1 degrees. The reason of a cold snap became the extensive cyclone which has brought to the Far East Arctic air.

 

 

Climatic changes

 

Change of a climate - fluctuations of a climate of the Earth as a whole or its separate regions eventually. The reason changes of a climate activity of the person is engaged in its studying are dynamic processes on the Earth, external influences, such as fluctuations of intensity of a sunlight, and, for quite some time now. Recently the term « change of a climate » is used as a rule for a designation of change in a modern climate.

It is considered to be, that activity of the person has started to render essential influence on a climate of the Earth in the beginning of the last century. Factories and the power stations working on mineral fuel, began to throw out in air dioxide of carbon (CO2) and other hotbed gases. Later to them exhausts of motor transport were added. According to the given theory, the responsibility for accumulation of hotbed gases in an atmosphere and global warming accompanying these lays on conscience of people of an industrial era. But there was a hypothesis that else our ancient ancestors is a lot of millennia back changed a climate of the Earth, being engaged in the agriculture, accompanied emissions of the mentioned gases in an atmosphere.

According to new data, approximately 8 thousand years ago concentration of carbonic gas in an atmosphere, contrary to the natural tendency, has started to raise. Approximately through 3 thousand years similar changes have occurred and to concentration of other hotbed gas - methane (CH4). If it has not occurred, the temperature in the Europe and Northern America would be on 3-4 ° With below, that essentially would complicate development of an agriculture. Moreover, in some regions in northeast of Canada a little thousand years ago there would be an insignificant glacial cover and would begin some kind of a glacial age. However last millenia the climate of the Earth remained rather warm and stable.

The matter is that approximately 8 thousand years back climatic tendency has changed and has ceased to submit to the regular cycles dominated over the past. The activity of the person connected with agriculture, first of all destruction of woods for clearing the fertile grounds  , should lead to increase in the maintenance of dioxide of carbon and methane in an atmosphere. It explains both change of tendencies, and increase in concentration of hotbed gases prior to the beginning of an industrial era. Scientific and technical progress has only accelerated their accumulation in an atmosphere.

The most probable new factor influencing a climate in a current interglacial age, the agriculture which has arisen approximately 11 thousand years ago on the fertile grounds of east Mediterranean is. Then it has appeared in northern China, and some thousand years later - in America. During the next millennia it extended on all globe, being more and more improved. Approximately 2 thousand years ago the agricultural crops used today in food were already cultivated all.

Some kinds of agricultural activity promote manufacture of methane. On it is artificial flooded rice fields methane it is formed the same as in bogs,  at decomposition of vegetation in stagnant water.

Approximately 5 thousand years ago in the south of China people have started to flood lowlands about the rivers to grow up moisture loving fig. Quite logically, that greater area of the ground has appeared flooded. According to historical data, 3 thousand years back new technique of cultivation of rice has extended on the south, to Indochina and on the West, to a valley of the river Ganges in India, having caused the further increase in issue of methane. Approximately 2 thousand years ago inhabitants of Southeast Asia have started to build terraces on slopes of hills and to grow up there fig. It explains sharp change of the natural tendency and increase in the contents of methane in an atmosphere.

Probably, in the future researchers will make a quantitative estimation is artificial the irrigated grounds and the methane which has got in an atmosphere for 5 thousand of years. However to obtain necessary data difficultly since on a place of ancient irrigational systems are constructed new. Therefore my hypothesis is based only that the "metane" tendency has changed on opposite just when people have started to flood the grounds for cultivation of fig.

In case of with carbonic gas it is possible to explain change of the tendency destruction of woods. In the Europe and China in those territories which most part has been borrowed by large forests, approximately 8 thousand years ago people have started to cut down trees to exempt the ground for cultivation of grain crops. First they used stone axes, later - bronze and iron. Whether the cut down trees were burnt or simply remained to decay, a carbon contained in them was oxidized and got in an atmosphere in the form of carbonic gas.

What will be a global climate in the near future? In the end of 20 centuries of scientists spoke about approach of a glacial age. Being based on new proofs of that orbital changes influence increase and reduction of an ice cover, some researchers came out with the assumption, that the new glacial age can come through some hundreds, the greatest - through some thousand years.

Later, when it was found out, that atmospheric concentration of hotbed gases quickly increase; have started talking about global warming. Obtained data have convinced the majority of scientists, that in rather near future (in the nearest pair centuries) the climate on the Earth becomes warmer, and the global cold snap will not be.

The fact of global warming any more does not cause doubts. Data of meteorological supervision testify that for last 100 years the average temperature of a surface of the Earth has grown on 0,74 ºС, and rates of its growth gradually increase.

According to supervision of the Russian meteorological stations, the mid-annual temperature of air in Russia has grown for last 100 years on 1 ºС (that considerably above, than on the average on the world), from them 0,4 ºС - only for last decade 20 centuries

Under forecasts of Federal Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Service, by 2015 the temperature of air in our country can grow on 0,6 ºС ± 0,2 ºС in comparison with a level of 2000. And it means, that already to the middle of a this century in Russia will become warmer almost on 2 degrees. And, it if rates of growth of temperature will be kept at a former level. Though the majority of scientists converges in opinion, that rates of warming will accrue only.

Growth of mid-annual temperature of air occurs in all regions of the country, however because of the big extent of territory of Russia and a variety of its environment, climatic changes are shown non-uniformly on various regions and seasons. As a whole, warming more noticeably in the winter and in the spring. Thus in a greater degree it is shown in the European part of Russia and in Eastern Siberia.

Change of climatic conditions of region, event last decades, can be both favorable, and negative. Ignoring of a problem of warming of a climate can lead to serious consequences for steady development of region.

The account of factors of a varying climate, its quantitative estimation will allow to solving problems in reduction of potential damages in economy, and also adaptation of the population to developing conditions of residing.

 

 

Weather

The seasonal phenomena

 

On the basis of the analysis of data Hydrometeocenter of krai:

SPRING: the Spring in the Khabarovsky krai is dragged out from March, 24th till April, 17th. This season not for long lasts: on May, 3rd in Khabarovsk and on June, 3rd - in Оkhotsk. If in many areas of the country the spring begins early and it is considered the best season, at us late and cool. The wind in comparison with a winter amplifies a little. The snow usually does not thaw, and evaporates, not forming thawed snow. Therefore the rivers spread poorly in the spring.

The quantity of deposits increases not much more, humidity of air at this time the lowest in a year in the spring, the ground quickly dries out, and plants lack moisture.

SUMMER: Transition from cool and dry spring to warm and damp summer is made quickly. The daily average temperature of air passes through 15 degrees in Khabarovsk 2-nd, in Коmsomolsk-on-Аmur on June, 12th. Hot dry weather, and from second half of summer - very damp is established all over again. In southern areas of edge the daily average temperature at a level of 20 degrees and above keeps one and a half month, and in area of the city of Bikin even a little bit longer.

In the north of edge and in coastal areas a picture of summer absolutely another. There and transition from spring by the summer is less sharply expressed also summer more cool. Average temperature here 13-16 degrees. It is result of influence of sea of Okhotsk, where in the spring and in the beginning of summer many floating ices.

The main feature of our summer is an abundance of a moisture and heat. Sometimes there are at us dry, even droughty years, and sometimes all the summer long pour rains.

AUTUMN: Autumn in the Khabarovsky krai is the best season. It is dry, sunny much warmer than spring, but the beginning is often accompanied by monsoonal rains. Sometimes there are typhoons in the krai. And still mostly in krai there is a good weather. September at a pass is warmer than May. Vegetation of vegetation proceeds all the September long, and in southern areas even the beginning of October. In October days are quickly shortened and nights are extended, frosts begin.

WINTER: Winter in the Khabarovsky krai for a long time severe. Frosts cost the presents. In comparison from the European part of Russia our winters are colder on 10-20 degrees. The beginning of winter considers transition of daily temperature of air through a minus of 5 degrees. In southern areas it happens in the beginning of November, in northern - in October. The superficial snow to lay down finally when the winter has already begun. Absence of a snow cover causes deep freezing ground. From the south the quantity of a dropping out snow increases for the north.

The coldest month is January. The winter monsoon brings with itself dry cold air, therefore overcast is sharply reduced. In the winter we have 20-27 clear days for a month. It is the most solar season. Winds at this time usually weak and at greater frosts and it is absolutely silent.

 

Monthly weather

 

The word April occurs from a latin word “warmed”, “warmed by the su”, “solar”.

This month the first flowers are dismissed. April - malicious for birches since start to prepare birch sap. Preparation of juice renders deep wounds to birches.

It is the second month of spring. It is famous for water. « April with water, May with a grass ».

Allocate underseasons of April.

From April, 1 till April, 15th - Snow conceals from April, 16 till April, 30th - Revival of spring.

Solar light 164,5 hours, monthly average temperature of air approximately + 4 degrees of Celsius. In 3-rd and 4-th decade the ground gets warm up to + 2 degrees of Celsius.

In April the nature as though slightly opens the treasuries. Juice movement at trees, plants begins, the red willow, a hazel grove, mother-and-stepmother, dandelions blossom.

In the middle of month the snow descends. Field works begin. On the Wood calendar April with 1 on 20 - « Month of awakening from hibernation » (the beginning on March, 21st). Since April, 21st - the beginning of the second month of spring - « Month of returning of birds of passage home ».

Having looked after weather in April, I have obtained such data: in April norm of temperature: 4.3 °. Actual temperature of month according to supervision: 4.0 °. A rejection from norm: +0.3 °.

Norm of the sum of deposits in April: 45 mm. Has dropped out deposits: 15 mm. This sum makes 33 % from norm.

The lowest temperature of air (-9.4 °) was on April, 6th. The heat of air (15.8 °) was on April, 26th.

 

Conclusion

 

In the conclusion of my project I wish to tell, that our planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it’s the only place where we can live.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it is seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 millions tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forest are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in the direction. As many as 159 countries – members of the UNO – have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

We have the time, the money and even the technology to make our plant a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered animals. We can recycle our wasters; persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities, because it is apparent that our careless use of fossil fuels and chemicals is destroying this planet. And it is now more than ever apparent that at the same time we are destroying our bodies and our future.

We carry onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

Our krai is a part of our planet, our city is a part of our krai, our school is a part of city. Even if we shall plant it on one tree will improve health of the Nature on the Earth.

I liked to work on the project, owing to it I have found out a lot of new information about climate of our krai. I consider that at lessons of the English language, devoted to The Khabarovsky krai, my project can be used as the additional information on weather and climate. One of difficulties of work was text translation from Russian to English language as the text was too much. And in the following year I would like to develop my theme and to continue it as connection of ecology and climate.

 

 

Supplements

Date Temperature of air in April, °C Deposits, mm Minimum Average maximum A rejection from norm 1 -4.5 1.0 5.7 +1.6 0.0 2 -2.3 3.0 7.3 +3.4 0.0 3 -4.7 3.0 10.7 +2.8 0.0 4 -0.9 4.7 10.4 +4.1 0.0 5 -1.7 1.9 6.0 +0.3 0.4 6 -9.4 -1.3 3.1 -2.7 6.0 7 -5.9 0.9 7.2 -0.8 0.0 8 0.1 3.1 8.3 +0.8 4.0 9 1.5 8.5 15.2 +6.1 0.0 10 0.4 3.9 9.9 +1.6 0.0 11 -2.2 5.1 11.6 +2.7 0.0 12 3.3 7.7 15.4 +4.2 3.0 13 1.1 5.1 7.2 +1.3 0.0 14 -4.8 2.8 8.1 -1.0 0.0 15 -4.0 -0.5 5.6 -4.8 2.0 16 -7.2 -2.2 2.6 -7.2 0.0 17 -6.0 2.6 8.5 -2.2 0.0 18 -3.0 4.4 10.5 -0.8 0.0 19 -2.3 7.4 14.3 +1.4 0.0 20 -0.7 5.4 11.7 -0.7 0.0 21 -1.3 5.2 10.0 -1.0 0.0 22 2.1 5.1 8.8 -1.3 0.0 23 -1.2 4.4 8.9 -1.4 0.0 24 -1.5 6.1 12.8 +0.2 0.0 25 -1.5 8.0 14.8 +0.8 0.0 26 0.6 8.8 15.8 +1.2 0.0 27 1.5 9.6 17.0 +1.8 0.0 28           29           30

 

Climate
Parameter	Jan	Febr	March	Apr	May	June	July	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	year
Absolute maximum, °C	0.6	6.3	17.0	28.9	31.5	32.8	35.7	35.6	29.8	25.8	15.5	6.6	35.7
Average maximum, °C	−16.5	−11.3	−1.9	9.7	18.1	23.5	26.6	24.4	18.6	9.7	−3.2	−13.8	7.0
Average temperature, °C	−20.5	−16	−6.8	4.3	12.0	17.9	21.4	19.6	13.5	4.6	−7.5	−17.6	2.1
Average minimum, °C	−24.1	−20.2	−11.4	−0.2	6.8	12.9	17.0	15.7	9.2	0.7	−10.8	−20.8	−2.1
Absolute minimum, °C	−38.9	−35.1	−28.9	−15.1	−3.1	2.2	6.8	4.9	−3.3	−15.6	−27.4	−36.7	−38.9
Norm of deposits, mm	15	11	17	43	58	82	114	154	89	51	23	18	686