HOLIDAYS AROUND THE WORLD

LABORATORY WORK №1

CHRISTMAS

PART 1

ON CHRISTMAS

Proper names:

Callum, Neil Edgeller, William Kremer, Jackie Dalton, Diwali, Hindu, Bombay 

I

To entertain a few guests  развлекать несколько гостей

To celebrate Christmas праздновать Рождество

To enjoy holiday season наслаждаться праздничным сезоном

The streets busy with bargain shoppers улицы полные заядлых покупателей

The millennium bug проблема тысячелетия

To prepare the savoury items подготовить последние пункты

Bombay mix бомбейское соединение

To have a resolution иметь резолюцию

To procrastinate откладывать 
 

II

1. In my opinion emotions, intonation and some speech turns of the speaker make this edition special
2. Callum’s  guests are relatives and friends ie people from different part of country. They do not see each other for a long time.
3. As you know «so many man, so many minds» and this situation is not exception. But most of them plans to go for the big family Christmas.
4. Diwali  popularly known as the "festival of lights", is an important five-day festival in Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, occurring between mid-October and mid-November.
5. Bombay Mix is the name used in the United Kingdom for a traditional Indian snack. It consists of a variable mixture of spicy dried ingredients, which may include fried lentils, peanuts, chickpea flour noodles, corn, vegetable oil, chickpeas, flaked rice, fried onion and curry leaves.
6. In modern times, there are certain foods we associate with Christmas:

• Roast Turkey or Goose

• Christmas Cake with marzipan and icing
• Satsumas
• Nuts
• Chestnuts
• Mulled Wine
• Sweets

But where did all these ideas come from? During the rest of the year, many of these foods aren’t eaten at all. 

III

Paragraph

Traditional Christmas Food

 

In modern times, there are certain foods we associate with Christmas Roast Turkey or Goose,

Christmas Cake with marzipan and icing, Satsumas, Nuts, Chestnuts, Mulled Wine, and Sweets. But where did all these ideas come from? During the rest of the year, many of these foods aren’t eaten at all.

In the very olden times, pre-Christian, the first important date of the Festival was the Shortest Day of the year, which is usually around the 21st or 22nd of December. It was celebrated by encouraging light back to the Earth – an idea which presumably started when the movement of the planets, and the seasons, were not fully understood. To watch the days growing shorter, without the knowledge that the year would turn again, must have been quite frightening. So the Shortest Day gained importance, and fires were lit, and light was used to encourage the year to turn. Then the village Elders would watch, to check that the magic had worked and the year had indeed turned. This would be visible by the 25th, and a huge feast would be eaten to celebrate the success of the magic. So well before Christianity, this time of year was celebrated by feasting. And the early Christian Church adopted the existing Festival (in AD300s) to assist in converting people to Christianity. It was easier for the people to accept a Festival that clashed with one they had been celebrating anyway. 
 

PART 2

Proper names:

  Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel, Pennsylvania, Christkindhl, Bavaria, Thomas Nast

IV

1. Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply "Santa", is a figure with legendary, historical and folkloric aspects who, in many western cultures, is said to bring gifts to the homes of the good children during the late evening and overnight hours of Christmas Eve, December. The modern figure was derived from the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas, which, in turn, may have part of its basis in hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure of gift giver Saint Nicholas.
2. Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply "Santa".
3. West of New York, in Pennsylvania, many German farmers had also heard of Saint Nikolas. But they called him Pelznickel. This word came from "pelz," meaning fur, and "nickel" for Nicholas. And so, to the Germans of Pennsylvania, Saint Nicholas or Pelznickel was a man dressed in fur who came once a year with gifts for good children.
4. Soon, people began to feel that the love and kindness Pelznickel brought should be part of a celebration honoring the Christkindl, as the Germans called the Christ child. After a time, this became Kris Kringle. Later, Kris Kringle became another name for Santa Claus himself.
5. The picture of Santa Claus as we see him came from Thomas Nast. He was an American painter born in Bavaria. He painted pictures for Christmas poems. Someone asked him to paint a picture of Santa Claus.  Nast remembered when he was a little boy in southern Germany.  Every Christmas, a fat old man gave toys and cakes to the children.  So, when Nast painted the picture, his Santa Claus looked like the kindly old man of his childhood.
6. He is still the same short, fat, jolly old man with a long beard, wearing a red suit with white fur.
7. Santa can be seen almost everywhere in large American cities during the Christmas season.  Some stand on street corners asking for money to buy food and gifts for the needy.  Others are found in stores and shopping centers. It is easy to find them by the long lines of children waiting to tell Santa what they want for Chirstmas.  If one took a vote among children to learn who their favorite person was, there is no question who would win -- Santa Claus.

 
 
 

PARAGRAPH

Santa Claus or St.Nick

Santa Claus is someone who will remain in the hearts of children forever.  He is the make-believe person who brings toys and other gifts to children at Christmas.

To grown-ups, he is a special symbol of goodwill and selfless giving. Santa Claus also has some other names: Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel.

Two of his names -- Santa Claus and Saint Nicholas -- both come from the Dutch who settled in New York long ago. The Dutch believed Saint Nikolas gave gifts to children. They honored this kindly saint with a yearly festival on December sixth.

The English-speaking people who lived nearby greatly enjoyed Dutch festivals. And they brought the saint and the custom of giving gifts into their own celebration at Christmas time. The Dutch spoke the name "Saint Nikolaas" very fast. It sounded like "sinterklaas." And so, when the English said this word, it sounded like Santa Claus.  West of New York, in Pennsylvania, many German farmers had also heard of Saint Nikolas. But they called him Pelznickel. This word came from "pelz," meaning fur, and "nickel" for Nicholas. And so, to the Germans of Pennsylvania, Saint Nicholas or Pelznickel was a man dressed in fur who came once a year with gifts for good children. Soon, people began to feel that the love and kindness Pelznickel brought should be part of a celebration honoring the Christkindl, as the Germans called the Christ child. After a time, this became Kris Kringle. Later, Kris Kringle became another name for Santa Claus himself. Whatever he is called, he is still the same short, fat, jolly old man with a long beard, wearing a red suit with white fur. The picture of Santa Claus as we see him came from Thomas Nast. He was an American painter born in Bavaria. He painted pictures for Christmas poems. Someone asked him to paint a picture of Santa Claus.  Nast remembered when he was a little boy in southern Germany.  Every Christmas, a fat old man gave toys and cakes to the children.  So, when Nast painted the picture, his Santa Claus looked like the kindly old man of his childhood.

And through the years, Nast's painting has remained as the most popular picture of Santa Claus.

Santa can be seen almost everywhere in large American cities during the Christmas season.  Some stand on street corners asking for money to buy food and gifts for the needy.  Others are found in stores and shopping centers. It is easy to find them by the long lines of children waiting to tell Santa what they want for Chirstmas.  If one took a vote among children to learn who their favorite person was, there is no question who would win - Santa Claus. 
 

PART 3

ON CHRISTMAS TRADITIONS 

 

1. Christmas Trees, Christmas Stockings, Mistletoe Holly, Ivy and Greenery Poinsettias, Christmas cards, Kwanzaa.
2. In 16th-century Germany fir trees were decorated, both indoors and out, with apples, roses, gilded candies, and colored paper. In the Middle Ages, a popular religous play depicted the story of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden.
3. A fir tree hung with apples was used to symbolize the Garden of Eden -- the Paradise Tree. The play ended with the prophecy of a saviour coming, and so was often performed during the Advent season.
4. It is held that Protestant reformer Martin Luther first adorned trees with light. While coming home one December evening, the beauty of the stars shining through the branches of a fir inspired him to recreate the effect by placing candles on the branches of a small fir tree inside his home.

 

YOUR FAVOURITE CHRISTMAS TRADITION

Christmas Stockings  

    The tradition of the Christmas stockings began by a story told since ancient time about a kind noble man who had three daughters. The wife of the nobleman expired and the daughters and their father were left in a state of sorrow. The daughters had to do all the work in the house. When the daughters became young and eligible for marriage, the poor father could not afford to give the huge dowries to their husbands.  

    One evening the daughters, after washing their stockings hung them near the fire place to be dried. Santa Claus being moved by the plight of the daughters came in and put in three bags of gold one in each of the stocking hanging by the chimney. The next morning the family noticed the gold bags and the nobleman had enough for his daughter’s marriage. The daughters got married and they lived happily ever after. Since then children have been hanging Christmas stockings. Christmas stockings are supposed to have the gifts given by Santa Claus. The other gifts are wrapped in present papers and placed near the Christmas tree. It is believed that a child who misbehaves during the year will not get a gift in their Christmas stocking. The Christmas stockings are traditionally hung on the fireplace. But as most of the modern homes do not have a fireplace, any location is suitable for hanging the Christmas stockings. In many traditions the Christmas stocking is to be stuffed by a gift that will stimulate the five sensory organs.  

    The gift given by Santa Claus would be something to eat, a thing that makes a sound and gives a pleasant view to the eyes or gift which has a lovely fragrance.

    In the present modern culture there are special Christmas stockings available in the market. Some families design unique stockings for each family member. 
 
 
 
 
 

HOLIDAYS AROUND   THE   WORLD

LABORATORY  WORK №2

On Easter

I

to crucify  мучить

crucification  мучение

to resurrect возрождаться

resurrection возрождение

Easter Day Пасха

Good Friday Чистая пятница

Mundy Thursday  чистый вторник

Blessed sacrament Счастливое причастие

To santisfy food поститься

To celebrate Jesus Christ восхваливать Иисуса Христа

Liturgical life литургия

A holy week Страстная неделя

To venerate уважать

II

1. is the period of seven days from Easter Sunday through the Saturday following.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and in Eastern Catholic Churches, the days of Bright Week are named: Bright Monday, Bright Tuesday, etc. Each day repeats the joyful hymns of Pascha (Easter), with only a few variations, taken from the Octoechos, according to the Eight Tones of the Orthodox liturgy. One tone (with the exception of the Seventh Tone—known as the "Grave Tone") is assigned to each day.

2. Good Friday, also known as Holy Friday, Black Friday, Great Friday, is a religious holiday observed primarily by Christians commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and may coincide with the Jewish observance of Passover.

3. The Blessed Sacrament, or the Body and Blood of Christ, is a devotional name used in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches, to refer to the Host after it has been consecrated in the sacrament of the Eucharist. Christians in these traditions believe in the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharistic elements of the bread and wine and hence practice Eucharistic reservation and Eucharistic adoration.

4Maundy Thursday, also known as Holy Thursday, Covenant Thursday, Great & Holy Thursday, and Thursday of Mysteries, is the Christian feast or holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter that commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles. It is the fifth day of Holy Week, and is preceded by Holy Wednesday and followed by Good Friday. The date is always between 19 March and 22 April inclusive. These dates in the Julian calendar, on which Eastern churches in general base their calculations of the date of Easter, correspond throughout the 21st century to 1 April and 5 May in the more commonly used Gregorian calendar.

5 Most scholars agree that the English word Maundy in that name for the day is derived through Middle English, and Old French mandé, from the Latin mandatum, the first word of the phrase "Mandatum novum do vobis ut diligatis invicem sicut dilexi vos" ("A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you"), the statement by Jesus in the Gospel of John (13:34) by which Jesus explained to the Apostles the significance of his action of washing their feet.

6 Others theorize that the English name "Maundy Thursday" arose from "maundsor" baskets, in which on that day the king of England distributed alms to certain poor at Whitehall: "maund" is connected with the Latin mendicare. 
 

PART 2

GREEK EASTER

III  

1. To know more on the varied aspects of Greek Easter calendar, we should first try to analyze the wide historical factors leading to the observance of Greek Easter celebrations. According to the background of Greek Easter calendar, before 325 CE, Christian communities celebrated Easter on varied dates in a specific the week; but the Council of Nicea, formed by Emperor Constantine issued an "Easter Rule" which regularized Easter observance to the first Sunday after the first full moon known as the paschal moon after the vernal equinox.
2. It was also stated that Quatrodecimens, a group of Christians in Asia Minor celebrated Easter on the 14th day of the Jewish month of Nisan, thus making Easter a Christian Passover. However, it’s seen that the Greek Orthodox Church do not always celebrate Easter like their Catholic and Protestant counterparts in different nations.
3. the Greek Easter festive calendar is calculated by considering other factors such as the movement of ecclesiastical moons, paschal full moons, the astronomical equinox and the fixed equinox. Since Easter is a moveable feast, the unique Greek Easter calendar states that the actual date of Greek Easter may fall on varying dates. The controversy regarding the celebration of Easter is a subject of debate among certain intellectuals till today, but the zest of this celebration is alive and continues to spring many hopes and joy in the minds of many. Want to know more on the varied aspects of Greek Easter Calendar, flip through Dgreetings.com. Keep surfing our website for more details.