Греция

Уральский Государственный  Университет Физической Культуры.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Курсовая работа по английскому  языку на тему: ”Греция ”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Выполнила: студентка 125 гр.

Иванова Яна Дмитриевна.

Проверила: Земскова

Наталья Петровна.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Челябинск – 2007.

Contents

 

 

Annotation…………………………………………………………………3

 

Introduction………………………………………………………………..4

Chapter1 .Geography and ecology…………………………………………5

Chapter 2. Government and politic…………………...................................6

Chapter3. Population and people……………………………………..……6

Chapter4 .Accommodation and catering service ………………………..…7

4.1.Camping…………………………………………………………….…..7

4.2.Hotels………………………………………………………………...…7

4.3.Apartments………………………………………………………...……7

 

Chapter5.Food………………………………………………………………7

Chapter6. Transportation……………………………………………………8

6.1.AIR…………………………………………………………………...…8

6.2.BUS…………………………………………………………………..…8

6.3.TRAIN………………………………………………………………..…9

6.4.Road Rules………………………………………………………………9

6.5.Rental……………………………………………………………………9

6.6.LOCAL TRANSPORT…………………………………………………10

Chapter7. Sightseeing………………………………………………………10

 

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….……14

Bibliography……………………………………………………………..…15

 

 

 

 

 

 

Annotation.

Citizens, tourists, and guests enjoy visiting the suburbs of Greece

At cause paper I d like to make familiar the tourist potential of Greece to you as the best in world country of international tourism.

Also consider the level of tourist industry of the country, geographical location of the Greece and main components of tourist industry, as the accommodation, transportation and many other facilities of country and Greece regions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Introduction

The first travel guide to Greece was written 1800 years ago by the Greek geographer and historian Pausanias, so the tourism industry is not exactly in its infancy. In the 19^th century, wealthy young European aristocrats made it part of their Grand Tour; in this century it has become a mecca for sun and sea worshippers.

The country’s enduring attractions its archaeological sites; those who travel through Greece journey not only through the landscape but also through time, witnessing the legacy of Europe’s greatest ages – the Mycenaean, Minoan, classical, Hellenistic and Byzantine.

You cannot wander far in Greece without stumbling across a broken column, a crumbling bastion or a tiny Byzantine church, each perhaps neglected and forgotten but still retaining an aura of former glory.

Greece is much more than beaches and ancient monuments. Its culture is a unique blend of East and West, inherited from the long period of Ottoman rule and apparent in its food, music and traditions. The mountainous countryside is a walker’s paradise crisscrossed by age – old donkey tracks leading to stunning vistas.

The magnetism of Greece is also due to less tangible attributes – the dazzling clarity of the light, the floral aromas which permeate the air, the spirit of place – for there is hardly a grove, mountain or stream which is not sacred to a deity, and the ghosts of the past still linger.

And then again, many visitors come to Greece simply to get away from it all and relax in one of Europe’s friendliest and safest countries.

Greece is tourism country.

Chapter1 .Geography and ecology

Greece consist of the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula and about 2000 islands, only 166 of which are inhabited. The land mass is 131,900 sq km and Greek territorial waters cover a further 400,000 sq km.

Most of the country is mountainous. The Pindos Mountains in Epiros are the southern extension of the Dinaric Alps, which run the length of former Yugoslavia. The range continues down through central Greece and the Peloponnese, and re – emerges in the mountains of Greece. Less then a quarter of the country is suitable for agriculture.

The variety of is unrivalled in Europe. The wild flowers are spectacular. They continue to thrive because mush of the land is too poor for agriculture and has escaped the ravages of modern fertilizers. The best places to see the amazing variety are the mountains of Crete and the southern Peloponnese.

You won’t encounter many animals in the wild, mainly due to the macho male habit of blasting to bits anything that moves. The brown bear, Europe’s largest mammal, survives in very small numbers in the Pindos Mountains, as does the grey Pindos Mountains wolf. Like Mikri Prespa Macedonia has the richest colony of fish eating birds in Europe, while the Dadia Forest Reserve in Thrace numbers such majestic birds as the golden eagle and the giant black vulture among its residents.

Looking at the harsh, rocky landscapes of the 20^th century, it’s hard to believe that in ancient times Greece was a fertile land with extensive forests. The change represents an ecological disaster on a massive scale. The main culprit has been the olive tree. In ancient times, native forest was cleared on a massive scale to make way for a tree whose fruit produced on oil that could be used for everything from lighting to lubrication. Much of the land cleared was hill country that proved unsuitable for the olives. Without the surface roots of the native trees to bind it, the topsoil quickly disappeared. The ubiquitous goat has been another major contributor to ecological devastation.

The news from the Aegean Sea is both good and bad. According to EU findings, it is Europe’s least polluted sea – apart from areas immediately surrounding major cities. Like the rest of the Mediterranean, it has been overfished

Chapter 2 . Government and politics

Since 2975, democratic Greece has been a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state. The president and parliament, which has 300 deputies, have joint legislative power. Prime Minister Simitis heads a 41-member cabinet.

Administratively, Greece is divided into regions and island groups. The mainland regions are the Peloponnese, Central Greece (officially called Sterea Ellada), Epiros, Thessaly, Macedonia and Thrace. The island groups are the Sporades, North – Eastern Aegean, Saronic Gulf, Cyclades, Dodecanese, and the Ionian, which is the only group not in the Aegean. The larges islands of Evia and Crete do not belong to any group. For administrative purposes each region and group is divided into prefectures.

Chapter3. Population and people

The 1991 census recorded a population of 10,264,146, an increase of 5.4% on the 1981 figure. Women outnumber men by more than 200,000. Greece is now a largely urban society, with 68% of people living in cities. By far the largest is Athens, with more than 3.1 million in the greater Athens area – which includes Piraeus (169,000). Other major cities and their population are Thessaloniki (740,000), Patras (172,800), Iraklio (127,600), Larisa (113,400), and Volos (106,100). Less than 15% of people live on the islands. The most populous are Crete (537,000), Evia (209,100) and Corfu (105,000).

It is doubtful that any Greek alive today is directly descended from an ancient Greek. Contemporary Greeks are a mixture of all of the invaders who have occupied the country since ancient times. There are a number of distinct ethnic minorities – about 300,000 ethnic Turks in Thrace; about 100,000 Britons (60,000

live in Athens); about 5000 Jews; Vlach and Sarakatsani shepherds in Epiros; Gypsies; and lately, a growing number of Albanians – many in Greece illegally.

Chapter4 .Accommodation and catering service

There is a range of accommodation in Greece to suit every taste and pocket. All places to stay are subject to strict price controls set by the tourist police. By law, a notice must be displayed in every room, which states the category of the room and the price for each season. If you think you have been ripped off, contact the tourist police.

Many places – especially in rural areas and on the islands – are closed from the end of October until mid April.

4.1.Camping. Greece has almost 350 camping grounds. Prices vary according to facilities, but reckon on about 1000 dr per person and about 750 dr for a small tent. Most sites are open only from April to October. Freelance camping is officially forbidden, but often tolerated in remoter areas.

4.2.Hotels. Hotels are classified as deluxe, A, B, C, D or E class. The ratings seldom seem to pay 4000/8000 dr for singles/doubles in D and E class, and about 8000/12,000 dr in a decent C – class place. Some places are classified as pensions and rated differently. Both are allowed to levy a 10% surcharge for stays of less than three nights, but they seldom do. It normally works the other way, and you can bargain if you’re staying more than one night. Prices are about 40%cheaperbetween October and May.

4.3.Apartments Self – Contained family apartments are available in some hotels. There are also a number of purposes – built apartments, particularly on the islands, which are available for either long or short – term rental.

Chapter5.Food

If Greek food conjures up an uninspiring vision of lukewarm moussaka collapsing into a plate of olive oil, take heart – there is a lot more on offer.

Restaurants there are several varieties. An estiatoria is a straightforward

restaurant with a printed menu. A taverna is often cheaper and more typically Greek, and you’ll probably be invited to peer into the post. A psistaria specialises in charcoal – grilled dishes. Ouzeria (ouzo bars) often have such a good range of mezedes that they can be regarded as eating placts.

Kafeneia are the smoke filled cafes where men gather to drink coffee, play backgammon and cards and engage in heated political discussion. They are a bastion of male chauvinism that Greek women have yet to break down. Female tourists tend to avoid them too, but those who venture in invariably find they are treated courteously/

Chapter6. Transportation

6.1.AIR

Most domestic flights are operated by Olympic Airways and its offshoot, Olympic Aviation. They offer a busy schedule in summer with flights from Athens to 22 islands and a range of mainland cities. Sample fares include

Athens-Iraklio for 20,500 dr, Athens-Rhodes for 23,100 dr and Athens-Thessaloniki for 20,700. There are also flights from Thessaloniki to the islands. It is advisable to book at least two weeks in advance, especially in summer. Services to the islands are fairly skeletal in winter. Air Greece provides competition on a few major routes, such as Athens-Iraklio.

All the above fares include the 3100-dr tax on domestic flights, paid when you buy your ticket.

6.2.BUS

Buses are the most popular form of public transport. They are comfortable, they run on time and there are frequent services on all the major routes. Almost every town on the mainland (except in Thrace) has at least one bus a day to Athens. Local companies can get you to all but the remotest villages. Reckon on paying about 1000 dr per hour of journey time. Sample fares from Athens include 7300 dr to Thessaloniki and 3200 dr to Patras (three hours). Tickets should be bought at least an hour in advance in summer to ensure a seat.

Major islands also have comprehensive local bus networks. In fact, every island with a road has a service of some sort, but they tend to operate at the whim of the driver.

6.3.TRAIN

Trains are generally looked on as a poor alternative to bus travel. The main problem is that there are only two main lines: to Thessaloniki and Alexandroupolis in the north and to the Peloponnese. In addition there are a number of branch lines, such as Pyrgos-Olympia and the spectacular Diakofto-Kalavryta mountain railway.

If there are trains going in your direction, they are a good way to travel. Be aware though that there are two distinct levels of service: the painfully slow, dilapidated trains that stop at all stations and the faster, modern intercity trains.

The slow trains represent the cheapest form of transport. It may take five hours to crawl from Athens to Patras, but the 2nd-class fare is only 1580 dr. Intercity trains do the trip in just over three hours for 25 80 dr - still .cheaper than the bus.

Inter-Rail and Eurail passes are valid in Greece, but you still need to make a reservation. In summer, make reservations at least two days in advance.

6.4.Road Rules

Greek motorists are famous for ignoring the road rules, which is probably why the country has the highest road fatality rate in Europe. No casual observer would ever guess that it was compulsory to wear seat belts in the front seats of vehicles, nor that it was compulsory to wear a crash helmet on motorcycles of more than 50 cc - always insist on a helmet when renting a motorcycle.

The speed limit for cars is 120 km/h on toll roads, 90 km/h outside built-up areas and 50 km/h in built-up areas. For motorcycles, the speed limit outside built-up areas is 70 km/h. speeding fines start at 30,000 dr. Drink-driving laws are strict - a blood alcohol content of 0.05% incurs a penalty and over 0.08% is a criminal offence.

All cars are required to have a first-aid kit, a fire extinguisher and triangular warning sign (in case of a breakdown).

6.5.Rental

Car hire is expensive, especially from the multinational hire companies. Their high-season weekly rates with unlimited mileage start at about 105,000 dr for the smallest

models, dropping to 85;000 dr in winter - and that's without tax and extras. You can generally do much better with local companies. Their advertised rates are 25 % lower and they're often willing to bargain.

Mopeds, however, are cheap and available everywhere. Most places charge about 3000 dr per day.

6.6.LOCAL TRANSPORT

You'll find taxis almost everywhere. Flag fall is 200 dr, followed by 58 dr per km in towns and 113 dr per km outside towns. The rate doubles from midnight to 5 am. There's a surcharge of 300 dr from airports and 160 dr from ports, bus stations and train stations. Luggage is charged at 55 dr per item. Taxis in Athens and Thessaloniki often pick up extra passengers along the way (yell out your destination as they cruise by; when you get out, pay what's on the meter, minus what it read when you got in, plus 200 dr).

In rural areas taxis don't have meters, so make sure you agree on a price with the driver before you get in.

Large cities have bus services which charge a flat rate of 75 dr. See the Athens section for details of buses, trolleybuses and the metro.

Chapter7. Sightseeing

Athens is the capital of Greece.

Ancient Athens ranks alongside Rome and Jerusalem for its glorious past and its influence on Western civilization, but the modern city is a place few people fall in love with.

However inspiring the Acropolis might be, most visitors have trouble coming to terms with the surrounding urban sprawl, the appalling traffic congestion and the pollution.

The city is not, however, without its redeeming features. The Acropolis is but one of many important ancient sites, and the National Archaeological Museum has the world's finest collection of Greek antiquities.

Culturally, Athens is a fascinating blend of East and West. King Otho and the middle class that emerged after Independence may have been intent on making Athens a European city, but the influence of Asia Minor is everywhere - the coffee, the kebabs, the raucous street vendors and the colourful markets.

10.1.Walking Tour The following walk starts and finishes at Syntagma Square and takes in most of Plaka's best-known sites. Without detours, it will take about 45 minutes. The route is marked with a dotted line on the Plaka map.

From Syntagma, walk along Mitropoleos and take the first turning left onto Nikis. Continue along here to the junction with Kydathineon, Plaka's main thoroughfare, and turn right. Opposite the church is the Museum of Greek Folk Art, which houses an excellent collection of embroidery, weaving and jewellery. It is open Tuesday to Sunday from 10 am to 2 pm; admission is 400 dr. After passing the square with the outdoor tavernas, take the second turning left onto Adrianou. Aright turn at end of Adrianou leads to the small square with the Choregic Monument of Lysicrates, erected in 334 BC to commemorate victory in a choral festival.

Turn left and then right onto Epimenidou; at the top, turn right onto Thrasilou, which skirts the Acropolis. Where the road forks, veer left into the district of Anafiotika. Here the little white cubic houses resemble those of the Cyclades, and olive-oil cans brimming with flowers bedeck the walls of their tiny gardens. The houses were built by the people of Anafi, who were used as cheap labour in the rebuilding of Athens after Independence.

The path winds between the houses and comes to some steps on the right, at the bottom of which is a curving pathway leading downhill to Pratiniou. Turn left onto Pratiniou and veer right after 50 metres onto Tholou. The yellow-ochre Venetian building with brown shutters at No 5 is the old university, now the Museum of the University. It is open Monday and Wednesday from 2.30 to 7 pm, and Tuesday, Thursday and Friday from 9.30 am to 2.30 pm. Admission is free.

Kanellopoulos Museum -closed for repairs at the time of writing. Retracing your steps, go down Panos to the ruins of the Roman Agora, then turn left onto Poly-gnotou and walk to the crossroads. Opposite, Polygnotou continues to the Ancient Agora. At the crossroads, turn right and then left onto Poikilis, then immediately right onto Areos. On the right are the remains of the Library of Hadrian and next to it is the Museum of Traditional Greek Ceramics, open every day, except Tuesday, from 10 am to 2 pm. Admission is 500 dr. The museum is housed in the Mosque of Tzistarakis, built in 1759. After Independence it lost its minaret and was used as a prison.

Ahead is Monastiraki Square, named after the small church. To the left is the metro station and the flea market. Monastiraki is Athens at  .} its noisiest, most colourful and chaotic; it's  ^: teeming with street vendors.

Turn right just beyond the mosque onto Pandrossou, a relic of the old Turkish bazar. At No 89 is Stavros Melissinos, the 'poet , sandalmaker' of Athens who names the Beatles, Rudolph Nureyev and Jackie Onassis among his customers. Fame and fortune have not gone to his head - he still makes the best sandals in Athens, costing from 2400 dr per pair.

Acropolis Most of the buildings now gracing the Acropolis were commissioned by Pericles during the golden age of Athens in the 5th century BC. The site had been cleared for him by the Persians, who destroyed an earlier temple complex on the eve of the Battle of Salamis.

The entrance to the Acropolis is through the Beule Gate, a Roman arch added in the 3rd century AD. Beyond this is the Propylaia, the monumental gate that was the entrance in ancient times. It was damaged, by Venetian bombing in the 17th century, but has since been restored. To the south of the Propylaia is the small, graceful Temple of Athena Nike, which is not accessible to visitors.

Standing supreme over the Acropolis is the monument which more than any other epitomises the glory of ancient Greece: the Parthenon. Completed in 438 BC, this building is unsurpassed in grace and harmony. To achieve perfect form, its lines were ingeniously curved to counteract unharmonious optical illusions. The base curves upwards slightly towards the ends, and the columns become slightly narrower towards the top, with the overall effect of making them both look straight.

Above the columns are the remains of a Doric frieze, which was partly destroyed by Venetian shelling in 1687. The best surviving pieces are the famous Elgin Marbles, carted off by Lord Elgin in 1801 and now in the British Museum. The Parthenon, dedicated to Athena, contained an И-metre-tall gold and ivory statue of the goddess completed in 438 BC by Phidias of Athens; only the statue's foundations exist today).

To the north is the Erechtheion with its much-photographed Caryatids, the six maidens who support its southern portico. These are plaster casts - the originals (except for the one taken by Lord Elgin) are in the site's museum. The Erechtheion was dedicated to Athena and Poseidon and supposedly built on the spot where they competed for possession of ancient Athens. The Acropolis Museum has sculptures from the temples.

The site is open Monday to Friday from 8 am to 5.45 pm, and weekends and public holidays from 8.30 am to 2.45 pm. The museum is open on Monday from 11 am to 4 pm, Tuesday to Friday from 8 am to 6:30 pm, and weekends from 8.30 am to 2.30 pm. The combined admission fee is 2000 dr.

National Archaeological Museum This is the most important museum in the country, with finds from all the major sites. The crowd-pullers are the magnificent, exquisitely detailed gold artefacts from Mycenae and the spectacular Minoan frescos from Santorini (Thira), which are here until a suitable museum is built on the island. Allow a whole day to see the vast collection. The museum is at 28 Oktovriou-Patission 44, open Monday from 11 am to 7 pm, Tuesday to Friday from 8 am to 7 pm, and on weekends and public holidays from 8.30 am to 3 pm. It closes at 5 pm instead of 7 pm in winter. Admission is 2000 dr