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All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by
R. G. Feltham
Sometime Sub-Warden of Queen Elizabeth House and Founder-Director and
Senior Tutor. Oxford University Foreign Service Programme
Addison Wesley Longman Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
in the United States of America
by Addison Wesley Longman Inc., New York
© Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1970. 1998
The right of R. G. Feltham to be identified as the author of this Work has been
asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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First published 1970
Second edition 1977
Third edition 1980
Fourth edition 1982
Fifth edition 1988
Sixth edition 1993
Seventh edition 1998
ISBN 0 582 31716 9 Paper
British Library Cataloguing-ill-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-ill-Publication Data
Feltham, R. G. (Ralph George)
Diplomatic handbook / R. G. Feltham. - 7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-582-31716-9
Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title.
JZ1405.F45 1998
341.3'3 - dc21 97-43901
CIP
Set by 35 in 10/1 lpt Times
Produced through Longman Malaysia, PJB
CONTENTS
Preface viii
Acknowledgements ix
Chapter I
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 10
Introduction 10
The establishment of diplomatic relations and of permanent
diplomatic missions 11
The conduct of diplomatic relations in the absence of a full
diplomatic mission or when diplomatic relations have
been severed 15
Chapter 2
THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 16
Organisation and functions 16
Relations with its own missions 17
Relations with foreign missions 18
Relations with the Diplomatic Corps 18
Chapter 3
THE DIPLOMATIC MISSION 19
General observations and definitions 19
The head of mission 20
Administration and coordination 20
Commercial and economics section 21
Consular section 22
Press and information section 22
Contents
Service and specialist attachés 23
Absence or indisposition of a head of mission 23
Appointments, arrivals and departures 24
The diplomat 26
Chapter 4
PROTOCOL AND PROCEDURE 28
Orders of precedence 28
The Diplomatic List 29
Correspondence and communication between diplomatic
missions and the host government 30
Demonstrations 32
Flags 32
Dress 33
State ceremonies 33
Official mourning 34
Chapter 5
DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES 36
Privileges and immunities in respect of the mission and
its functions 36
Personal privileges and immunities 38
Full privileges and immunities 39
Limited privileges and immunities 42
Chapter 6
CONSULAR OFFICERS AND CONSULAR POSTS 44
The establishment of consular posts 44
Consular functions 44
Consular officers, consular employees and members of the
service staff 45
The appointment of consular officers 46
Severance of consular relations 46
Privileges, facilities and immunities 46
Career consular officers and posts headed by them 47
Honorary consular officers and posts headed by them 50
Chapter 7
THE UNITED NATIONS 52
Purposes and principles 52
The United Nations Charter 53
Contents
The General Assembly 54
The Security Council 56
The Economic and Social Council 56
The Trusteeship Council 57
The International Court of Justice 58
The Secretary-General and the Secretariat 58
UN peace-keeping operations 59
Intergovernmental agencies related to the United Nations
(including Specialised Agencies) 59
Subsidiary organisations 67
Chapter 8
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND
AGREEMENTS OUTSIDE THE UNITED NATIONS 71
Arab League/The League of Arab States 71
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 71
Association of South-East Asian Nations 72
Bank for International Settlements 73
Black Sea Economic Cooperation 73
Caribbean regional organisations 73
Central American Common Market 74
Central European Initiative 74
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 74
The Commonwealth 75
The Commonwealth of Independent States 75
Council of Europe 76
Economic Cooperation Organisation 76
European Free Trade Association/European Economic Area 76
European Union
Gulf Cooperation Council 79
Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation
Islamic Conference Organisation
Latin American economic organisations
Maghreb Arab Union
North American Free Trade Agreement
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 84
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe 84
Organisation of African Unity
Organisation of American States
Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
South Pacific regional organisations
Southern African Development Community 87
Contents
Visegrád group
West African inter-governmental economic groupings 87
Western European Union 88
World Trade Organisation 89
Chapter 9
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE 90
Definition and general principles 90
Treaties and treaty-making 91
Political asylum and the extradition of criminals 95
Recognition of states and governments 97
The extent of state sovereignty and jurisdiction 98
Nationality 100
Chapter 10
CONFERENCES 101
Conference practice and procedure 102
Conference management 105
Conference diplomacy 106
Chapter 11
THE DIPLOMAT AND THE MEDIA 108
The television interview 110
Appendix A
ENTERTAINING 114
Offering hospitality 114
Accepting hospitality 118
Saying 'Thank you' 119
Introducing people 119
Visiting cards 120
Wines and liqueurs 120
Non-alcoholic drinks 123
Appendix B
INTERNATIONAL ABBREVIATIONS 124
Appendix C
ISLAMIC FESTIVALS 130
Appendix D
THE ENVIRONMENT 131
1. The ozone layer 131
2. Global warming and the greenhouse effect 132
3. Biodiversity 132
4. The preservation of forests 132
Appendix E
GLOSSARY OF DIPLOMATIC, CONSULAR, LEGAL
AND ECONOMIC TERMS 133
Appendix F
NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION 140
Index 141
PREFACE
The aim of this book is to provide a concise but comprehensive source of relevant information for those who are embarking on an international and, particularly, a diplomatic career.
It has been revised with the assistance of diplomats from many countries and members of international organisations, to all of whom I am deeply indebted for their unfailing courtesy and assistance.
I would like to express my particular appreciation to Professor Stanley Martin CVO, JP Sir Robin Foam KCMG, Ambassador Ahmed Fuzi Director-General, Malaysian Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations, Ambassador Paul Leifer Director, Diplomatic Academy Vienna, Dr Wilhelm Schintler and Dr Klaus Krüger of the Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung, Drs Henriette Feltham, Jean and Laura Gingras, and Alison Nicol administrator of the Oxford University Foreign Service Programme; and above all to those diplomats whom I have had the privilege of teaching over the past thirty years: they have provided inspiration, enthusiasm and good fellowship, and I am the richer for their company.
I would also like to take this opportunity to point out that the word 'diplomat' in the English language can have either a masculine or feminine connotation, and if at any point in the text it is followed by the masculine personal pronoun it is solely to avoi d the tedium of 'he or she': it is not intended to have any other significance.
Rome R.G.F.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are indebted to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
Council of Europe for various extracts from The European Extradition Convention by the Council of Europe; the author for an appendix from Dictionary of Economic Terms by A. Gilpin; the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office for extracts from Treaty Series Command Papers and A. W. Sijthoff International Publishing Co. for an extract from Conference Diplomacy by J. Kaufmann.
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
It is an exhilarating and at the same time disturbing experience to be living through a period of change unparalleled in recorded history: a transitional stage in the social, political and economic evolution of states and their relations with each other. There is no problem in recognising a revolution when the guns are going off in the streets and the politicians are hanging from the lamp posts, but there is a danger in failing to grasp the extent of the revolution that has overtaken us and of failing to adjust our attitudes, responses and policies accordingly. It could be said that we are witnessing not so much an earthquake of history - a sudden shock followed by tremors and then a return to normality - as an avalanche of history that develops its own momentum and moves inexorably on, sweeping away everything in its path. There are, in fact, three major revolutions of a structural nature that have broken out virtually - in historical perspective - simultaneously.
The revolution that has produced the most immediate and extensive impact has been a political one: the collapse of the Soviet Empire which has resulted in the end of a period of potential nuclear war on a global scale; the end of a period of military alliances and military imperatives when diplomats, through no fault of their own, had little opportunity to act effectively; the break-up of Europe's last major conglomerate state and the recognition that a sense of national identity is an inherent human need and a factor essential for social stability; the end of totalitarian rule in Europe and the loss of legitimacy and support for similar systems elsewhere; the end of the two-power world order; the creation of new alliances between states, and the search for a New World Order.
The revolution that is gradually becoming self-evident to the popular mind is the economic one. It is beginning to materialise because of its impact on employment, economic migrations and an increasing lack of responsibility as between international management and national employees. The globalisation of the factors of production has resulted in the reduction of barriers to trade; the creation of a global capital market and the globalisation of entrepreneurship. The chip-based industrial revolution has reorientated and in many instances reduced employment opportunities; the belief in economic socialism and the corporate state has largely disappeared; and preferential trading blocs are being established with little thought for their economic validity or eventual social consequences.
And finally, there is the communications revolution which has created a global society. It has helped to internationalise science and business and, through the medium of television, has created a global sense of political awareness; and since the pen - in the long run - is mightier than the sword, it may well prove to be the most profound of the structural revolutions.
In addition there are several major factors contributing to the instability and uncertainty of the present transitional phase of which the most important are: the sudden economic liberation of the Chinese people - one-fifth of the world’s population with a strong sense of national identity which provides the basis for a positive foreign policy; the process of unification of the states of Western Europe - a government-led experiment in social engineering which is only now becoming democratic and pan-European; the rise of popular militancy and terrorism; the potentially adverse relationship between the world's resources and the world’s population; the threats to the global environment; the ease and speed of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; and the apparent incompatibility of peoples with irreconcilable values.