I Phraseology as a science

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Many various lines of approach have been used, and yet the boundaries of the set, its classifications and the place of phraseology in the vocabulary appear controversial issues of present day linguistics.
The English and the Americans can be proud of a very rich set of dictionaries of word groups and idiomatic phrases. Their object is chiefly practical: colloquial phrases are considered an important characteristic feature of natural spoken English and stumbling block for foreigners.

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Newspaper style was the last of all the styles of written literary English to be recognized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms. English newspaper style dates from the 17th century. Newspaper writing is addressed to a broad audience and devoted to important social or political events, public problems of cultural or moral character. The first of any regular series of English newspapers was the Weekly News which first appeared on May 20, 1622. The 17th century saw the rise of a number of other news sheets which, with varying success, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and restrictions imposed by the Crown. With the introduction of a strict licensing system many such sheets were suppressed, and the Government, in its turn, set before the public a paper of its own – the London Gazette, first published on February 5, 1666. The paper was a semi – weekly and carried official information, royal decrees, news from abroad, and advertisements.

The general aim of the newspaper is to exert influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or listener that the interpretation given by writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article merely by logical argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well. It falls in two varieties: the essay and the article.

In newspaper article as in any other written genre, all changes occurring in language are instantly reflected. Syntactic phraseological units are actively realized in newspaper article. With their help the author can get a definite purpose or influence on the reader. Syntactic phraseological units are understood as the syntactic units possessing stability, reproducibility, integrity, idiomaticity by specific character of relations between components, and also communicative and esthetic functions in language.

Emotionally-estimated phraseological units are very expressive. They express feelings, emotions; in newspaper articles syntactic phraseological units with the neutral maintenance aren't presented. It occurs because the author of the article always wants to catch reader’s attention to a certain theme, to express the opinion, but, using phraseological units with neutral value, this effect can’t be achieved. The relation to the subject of speech is expressed through their situation assessment, whether it be negative or positive.

Phraseological units:

  • evaluate events and people
  • attract attention
  • illustrate facts
  • organize texts

Also they do the next:

  • promote solidarity
  • evoke humor
  • put at ease.

 

  1. STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF PHRASEOLOGY

 

The question of the status of phraseological units (PhU) is very complicated. There are many phraseological units which are quite neutral: in fact, in turn, for instance, in order that, in principle. To this group we should also refer historical PhU: the secular aim, the Blue and the Grey, the common beam; lexical neologisms: oil crisis, energy crisis; and terminological PhU: supersentencial units, expressive means etc. 

Additional (connotative) information of phraseological unity, as that of any word, may be of four types, functional-stylistic, emotional, evaluative, and expressive-figurative. 

   Accordingly, phraseological unity may be divided into two similar classes: phraseological unity having a lexico-stylistic paradigm, and those having no lexico-stylistic paradigms.    

  Phraseological unity having a lexico-stylistic paradigm also fall into

  •  literary (be in accord with somebody, play upon advantage, most and least, bring to mould;  a heart of oak, Achilles heel)
  • conversational ones (Adams ale, slit the bat, ask me another, monkey's allowance, to get on the ball, admiral of the red, grab for altitude, gef the bird, sell one's back, get the wind up, a bit of jam, get somebody on his ears). 

 

     Peculiar stylistic usage of phraseological unity is accounted for the possibility of their structural and contextual transformations which are oriented to achieving a definite stylistic effect. 

     Structural transformations of phraseological unity may be represented by:   

          1) expansion of phraseological unity, e.g. When you had a weak case and knew it,Alan thought, even straws should be grasped at firmly (from to catch at a straw);   

         2) reduction of phraseological unity as the result of the compression of proverbs, sayings, quotations etc, e.g. Howaden added severely: "Better too much too eariy than too little too late” (from better late than never);    

      3) inversion of the components of phraseological unity. It implies the change of the PhU structure while preserving its original components, e.g.Fortunately, it's only the cat’s head and we still have a firm grip on the body (from to let the cat out of the bag). 

     Contextual transposition of phraseological unity presupposes that a phraseological unity may be totally reconsidered and reinterpreted in context, e.g. Pooh goes visiting and gets into a tight place (from to be in a tight comer). 

    The stylistic function is a special, in comparison with neutral way of expression, purposefulness of language means for achievement... of stylistic effect with preservation of the general intellectual content of the statement. The stylistic function realizes in speech connotative features of a phraseological unit [Федуленкова 2005: 218]. In the language there is only stylistic colouring. The idea about it is given by marks and comments in stylistic dictionaries which, unfortunately, are still far from being perfect. Comparison of a phraseological unit with its variable prototype also helps to reveal stylistic colouring.

 

2. The using of phrase units in English newspapers

 

English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means, which is perceived by the community as separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing, instructing the reader. In fact, all kinds of newspapers writing are to a greater or lesser degree both informative and evaluative. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and the way of presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary. The vocabulary used in newspaper writing is natural and common literary. But apart from this, newspaper style has its one of the smartest ways to illustrate the topic and to direct it to the point is to use idioms in the article. Here are phrase units found in some popular newspapers.

It is the language of the political and social activities, of journalism, propaganda, reports, speeches, political discussions and of different articles related to this field. In this style we find a selected lexicon, wide range of terminology, mostly words which have a literal meaning. In this style we see even phraseological units which are used appropriately in different situation and different events. The writer chooses to use an idiom to penetrate to the reader, so that, what they want to get across would be acquired properly.

In the daily mail of the 13.March.13 we read:

Tory MEP Martin Callanan, leader of the European Conservatives, accused the Parliament of ‘flying in the face of public opinion’ by dismissing calls for belt-tightening and even pressing for new EU tax-raising powers to fund spending. ‘The European Parliament is engaging in the worst kind of posturing, which makes

it look completely out of touch with reality,’ he said. ‘The EU budget deal was a reasonable compromise between many competing demands.’ Mr Callanan urged Mr Cameron and other EU leaders to ‘stand firm’ behind the budget figures agreed last month.

The analysis of articles from “The Herald Eribune” newspaper

 

Several articles from “The Herald Eribune”  newspaper were chosen in order to reveal the language peculiarities and using phrase units in newspaper articles.

Sometimes it is really difficult to guess the meaning of some word- groups, because they are not presented separately, in fact they have to be known as whole, not separate words. But anyway, if these units are not understood, people try to understand and use them, because it catches their attention and make article reading more enjoyable.

The first article is political, named “Connect on the gut level or risk losing the race” by Thomas L. Friedman. It’s clear that even the headline make us pay more attention to this article and not to others.

It is full of different phrase units that are more expressive then simple words and make the article understandable to readers.

Election race – it is one of the expressive describing of struggle for authority

Wrap around one ankle – it means that somebody has a privilege on other person and can pass him round.

Here it is shown the way of having privilege on somebody. “John Mc Cain can win this election race with a 50 pound ball called “Gorge Bush” wrapped around one ankle …….”

Watch from afar – means to know somebody or something very well, to assume somebody’s actions or foresee something.

This phrase unit gives meaning of some actions of different groups of people that are supposed to be done by them. And also it expresses author’s confidence in something that people have to believe.

Has gone from cool to cold – has the meaning of getting unsatisfied, getting angry or change someone’s mind.

Here the author emphasize that Barrack Obama doesn’t like some things which make him angry and upset or change his mind from good to bad things , even prevent some of his actions.

Feel it in their guts – not care a straw, not to take something seriously.

The author tries to show that people sometimes are indifferent to some things that are really important and can influence on their lives.

Listen through their stomachs –listen to somebody or something not attentively, without paying attention on some important things.

Has lost that gut connection – it means to lose someone’s interest or connection with some things or just to lose someone’s inclination.

No memorable lines or (= uplifting visions) –  has the meaning of absence of strong points. The author wanted to show that the speech of this person was not expressive and nobody will memorize it for a long time.

This article by Thomas L. Friedman is very expressive and really catches reader’s attention. The variety of phraseological units makes this article bright and brings a piece of irony. The author tried to show the struggle between candidates for future authority in America before presidential elections and pointed out their strong and weak points.

Observing other types of article, for example, sport news, it is obvious that coloring exists here too. But especially in sports articles the phraseological units are very difficult to understand and guess, because the authors use a lot of terms that refer to sport professionalisms. The article of Pete Thamel and Thayer Evans, devoted to the football match and their title game.

Had driven a stake deep in the hearts of –  to provoke happiness, to make somebody believe in something.

Put the over – under

Rolling up the average – means to cross limit borders. But here Pete Thamel speaks about game scores that can be more than limits that are put on it. It is possible to cross the borders in this case

“….Florida finished third in scoring offence, rolling up an average of 45.2 points…”

The next phraseological unit has a very interesting construction and sounds odd.

A game with a bruised knee - has the meaning of a very interesting, exciting game and a game with good results.

The way of representing phraseological units here is impressive. A good game is compared to bruises that players get during game. The imagery sometimes makes very expressive phraseological units that are easy to read and catch.

“….it will most likely have to deal with tailback DeMarco Murray, who left Saturday’s game with a bruised knee….”

 

 

 

Phraseological units’ functions in these articles

 

So, according to the content of the articles that we have observed it is clear that there are no articles without the use of expressive coloring. Practice shows us the presence of idioms, phraseological units in each of them. The variety of these units helps to create the image of some events in unusual, vivid and bright figure.

Most of the phraseological units that were used in the mentioned articles have the function of presenting someone’s actions in a bright way, using special language that is more interesting to read for nowadays readers.

It is very important to point out that the authors used most phrase units of action, state, feelings, quality in order to pay attention on the act of doer, because nowadays people who are interested in news all over the world chose information containing actions, but not description of some objects. Because reading of such kind materials make readers boring.

This position can be proved by the choice of newspaper articles in this research. The articles are political and the news of sport were chosen because it contains events in which the whole country is interested.

Phraseological units in these articles show that there are a lot of ways coloring and making expressive texts that may have not interesting information, but according richness of the language makes it interesting. And even such type of articles as political and sport can be very interesting.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thomas L. Friedman: Connect on a gut level or risk losing the race

By Thomas L. Friedman

If John McCain can win this election race with a 50-pound ball called "George W. Bush" wrapped around one ankle and a 50-pound ball called "The U.S. Economy" wrapped around the other, then he deserves to represent America in the next Olympics in any race he wants - swimming, cycling or track - I don't care how old he is. He would be the Michael Phelps of politics.

I confess, I watch politics from afar, but here's what I've been feeling for a while: Whoever slipped that Valium into Barack Obama's coffee needs to be found and arrested by the Democrats because Obama has gone from cool to cold.

Somebody needs to tell Obama that if he wants the chance to calmly answer the phone at 3 a.m. in the White House, he is going to need to start slamming down some phones at 3 p.m. along the campaign trail. I like much of what he has to say, especially about energy, but I don't think people are feeling it in their guts, and I am a big believer that voters don't listen through their ears. They listen through their stomachs.

If you as a politician connect with voters on a gut level, they will follow you anywhere and not fret about the details. If you don't connect with them on a gut level, you can't show them enough details.

Obama early on, and particularly with young people, connected on a gut level like no other politician since Ronald Reagan.

But in recent weeks, I feel as though he has lost that gut connection. I thought his convention speech contained no memorable lines or uplifting visions. It never got me out of my seat. Forget trashing McCain's ideas. If Obama wants to rally his base, he has to be more passionate about his own ideas. I have long felt that what propelled Obama early was the fact that many Americans understand in their guts that we need a change, but the change we need is to focus on nation-building at home. We're in decline. We need to get back to work on our country. And that is going to require strong, smart government.

Who is bailing out Fannie Mae? Who is going to build a new energy system? Health care? More tax cuts are not going to do it. But I am just not sure that Obama is making the sale that he has the plan and passion to unite and mobilize the country for this task.

In a way, I would love to hear Obama say, just for shock value: "I am so eager to do whatever it takes to fix these problems that I am ready to be a one-term president. Mine will not be a presidency that is confined to the first 100 days. But that is what we have fallen into, folks.

"The first 100 days have become the only 100 days. Once they are over, presidents are told that they have to trim their sails to get ready for the midterm elections, and once the midterms are over they are told that they have to trim their sails and get ready for the next presidential election. We can't solve our problems with a government of 100 days. I am going to work the hard problems the hard way for 1,461 days."

I don't know how long or high the "Sarah Palin bounce" will go, but I would take her very seriously as a politician. She may not know nuclear deterrence theory, but she can deliver a line. "I think there are a lot of women out there that look at her, holding her baby, talking about being a hockey mom, and say, 'She knows what I feel; she's going through what I am going through,"' remarked the leadership expert John Maxwell. Or, as Neil Oxman, political consultant at The Campaign Group, put it to me: For half the country, "Sarah Palin is Roseanne from the 'Roseanne' show. 'Roseanne' was the No. 1 comedy five years in a row and seven out of nine in the top 10." She is connecting at a gut level. So does McCain - and, therefore, they don't need to give their constituents many details.

This race has a long way to go. It is still Obama's election to lose. But Obama got where he is today by defining himself as the agent of change and by defining change as the issue in this election. McCain, with Palin's help, has once again not only made Obama's experience an issue, but has now moved in on Obama's strength and tried to define the Republican ticket as the party of "change."

How, you ask, can two people running with the exact same policies as the party that has been in power for eight years, claim to be the agents of "change?" That's politics. But what this has done is to make the word "change" as a campaign slogan meaningless. Obama will need to find another way to connect his ideas - clearly, crisply and passionately.

Because, while the pollsters tell us it is still really close, my own totally unscientific, seat of the pants poll tells me this: When you say Obama's name today and ask people for their first impression - a quick, flash, gut, first impression - no single word or phrase or policy comes to mind. His opponents will fill that vacuum if he doesn't.

 

 

 

Title Game Is Causing Heightened Anticipation

By PETE THAMEL and THAYER EVANS

Published: December 7, 2008

ATLANTA — Not having an opportunity to reach the Big 12 title game because of an obscure tie breaker has been like a stake deep to the heart of Texas fans. But with Florida and Oklahoma putting on scintillating performances in their conference title games Saturday, college football has moved on.

With little suspense, the final Bowl Championship Series standings were released Sunday night. The Sooners finished No. 1 and the Gators No. 2, setting up a national championship matchup at Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Fla., on Jan. 8 that will highlight two of college football’s dominant programs, marquee players and top coaches.

And with the announcement, the controversy that dominates B.C.S. selection day every year has given way to expectations of a great game.

“They’re a great team,” Oklahoma tailback Chris Brown said of Florida. “You watched those guys beat the No. 1 team by 11 points,” speaking of Alabama.

Referring to Florida’s quarterback, Brown added: “Tim Tebow, he is a great player to have. Great skill guys all across the board. It’s a big challenge for us.”

It will be the first meeting between Florida and Oklahoma, and Oklahoma’s Bob Stoops or Florida’s Urban Meyer will become the first coach in the 10-year B.C.S. era to win two title games.

Oklahoma finished with a B.C.S. average of .9757. Florida was next at .9479, comfortably ahead of Texas at .9298. Oklahoma finished No. 1 in the coaches poll, 1 point ahead of Florida, 1,482 to 1,481. Florida finished first in the Harris Interactive poll with 2,776 points, well ahead of Oklahoma at 2,699. Florida reached the title game despite finishing third over all in the average computer rankings, behind Oklahoma in first and Texas.

The defining characteristic of each finalist this season has been its prolific offense. Oklahoma set a modern-era N.C.A.A. record by scoring 702 points and led the nation with an average of 54 points a game. Florida finished third in scoring offense, rolling up an average of 45.2 points.

Danny Sheridan, a sports analyst who sets betting lines for USA Today, said in a telephone interview Sunday night that he would make Florida a 3-point favorite and put the over-under at 72.

“They’ll hype this game forever,” Sheridan said. “It’s a great matchup for TV and betting.”

Oklahoma scored more than 60 points in a game for the fifth consecutive time in a blowout of Missouri on Saturday night. Florida managed to score 31 points on an Alabama defense ranked in the top five nationally in most major categories. What made the Gators’  performance most impressive was that Florida won without its leading receiver, Percy Harvin, and rusher, Chris Rainey. Both are expected to play in the title game.

“I know what Bo Pelini told me: that’s the most difficult offense he’s ever had to prepare for prior to Nebraska playing Missouri this year and sharing some thoughts and things of that nature with them,” Oklahoma’s defensive coordinator, Brent Venables, said, referring to the Nebraska coach and former defensive coordinator at Louisiana State. “He felt that the Florida offense was the most difficult X and O and mentally and physically stressed that they faced at L.S.U.”

A main focus in the title game will be on the quarterbacks. Tebow is the reigning Heisman Trophy winner. But Oklahoma’s Sam Bradford stands as a slight favorite to beat out Tebow. The Heisman winner will be announced Saturday night in New York.

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