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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He served as Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, an historian, writer and artist. To date, he is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person to be recognised as an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….3
THE CHAPTER 1. Family of Winston Churchill and his early life………………5
1. Family and early life of Churchill………………………………………….5
2. Marriage and children………………………………………………………6
3. Service in the army………………………………………………………….8
THE CHAPTER 2. Winston Churchill in politics 1900-1939………………….13
2.1. Early years in parliament………………………………………………….13
2.2. World War I and post war coalition. ……………………………………..15
2.3. Political isolation…………………………………………………………….17
THE CHAPTER 3. Role as wartime prime minister…………………………….23
3.1. Bitter beginning of the war………………………………………………….23
3.2. Relations with the USA and the Soviet Union……………………………..25
3.3. Bombing of Dresden in World War II. The end of World War II…………..27
THE CHAPTER 4. Activity of Winston Churchill after the World War II………30
4.1. Return to the power………………………………………………………….30
4.2. Later life of Winston Churchill…………………………………………….35
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..39
LITERATURE……………………………………………………………………41
Churchill spent most of his retirement at Chartwell House in Kent, two miles (3 km) south of Westerham. As Churchill's mental and physical faculties decayed, he began to lose the battle he had fought for so long against the "black dog" of depression. He found some solace in the sunshine and colours of the Mediterranean. He took long holidays with his literary adviser Emery Reves and Emery's wife, Wendy Russell, at La Pausa, their villa on the French Riviera, seldom joined by Clementine. He also took eight cruises aboard the yacht Christina as the guest of Aristotle Onassis. Once, when the Christina had to pass through the
Dardanelles, Onassis gave instructions that it was to do so during the night, so as not to disturb his guest with unhappy memories.
In 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy, acting under authorisation granted by an Act of Congress, proclaimed Churchill the first Honorary Citizen of the United States. Churchill was physically incapable of attending the White House ceremony, so his son and grandson accepted the award for him. As his family life grew more despondent (he was unable to resolve the love–hate relationship between himself and his son) Churchill was also to suffer a further two strokes during the 1960s. On 15 January 1965, Churchill suffered another stroke, this time a severe cerebral thrombosis that left him gravely ill. He died at his home nine days later, at age 90, shortly after eight o'clock on the morning of Sunday 24 January 1965, coincidentally 70 years to the day after his father's death44.
By decree of the Queen, his body lay in state for three days and a state funeral service was held at St Paul's Cathedral. This was the first state funeral for a non-royal family member since 1914, and no other of its kind has been held since.
As his coffin passed down the Thames on the Havengore, dockers lowered their crane jibs in a salute. The Royal Artillery fired a 19-gun salute (as head of government), and the RAF staged a fly-by of sixteen English Electric Lightning fighters. The state funeral was the largest gathering of dignitaries in Britain as representatives from well over 100 countries attended, including French President Charles de Gaulle, Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister of Rhodesia Ian Smith, former U.S. president Dwight Eisenhower, and many other heads of state, including past and present heads of state and government, and members of royal families the world over. The train was hauled by Battle of Britain class locomotive 34051 Winston Churchill. Fittingly, this was the last great State occasion to be movingly commented upon by the great British broadcaster Richard Dimbleby who died of lung cancer in December 1965. The funeral also saw the largest assemblage of statesmen in the world since the funeral of President John F. Kennedy in 196345.
At Churchill's request, he was buried in the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, not far from his birthplace at Blenheim. In the fields along the route, and at the stations through which the train passed, thousands stood in silence to pay their last respects. In 1998 his tombstone had to be replaced due to the large number of visitors over the years having eroded it and its surrounding area. A new stone was dedicated in 1998 in a ceremony attended by members of the Spencer-Churchill family46.
Because
the funeral took place on 30 January, people in the United States marked
it by paying tribute to his friendship with Franklin D. Roosevelt because it was the anniversary of
FDR's birth. The tributes were led by Roosevelt's children at the president's
grave at the FDR Presidential Library. On 9 February 1965, Churchill's estate
was probated at £304,044 (equivalent to about £3.8m
in as of 2004).
CONCLUSION.
January 24, 1965 London Times, for 90 years before the news of the arrival into the world of the next offspring clan Marlborough, reported that he died, Sir Winston Churchill. In violation of the tradition - to take the entire front page portrait of the great compatriot. Special memorial issue contained a detailed biography of the deceased and a lot of his pictures, from household to officious. Britain was plunged into mourning.
In the three years before his death, slipping on the marble floor of the casino, Churchill broke his thigh and then, lying on a hospital bed military sanatorium, wrote the screenplay of his own funeral: “ I want to be buried as a simple soldier”.
The will of Churchill was carried out, with only one amendment - England led a great soldier of the empire with royal honors. Even the Soviet television, for which “a man in a top hat” has always been persona non grata, a report showed the funeral: Farewell to Churchill in the cathedral of Westminster Abbey, the last funeral procession route to the Thames, where the British flag-covered coffin was moved to a military boat, cast off in the direction of descent estates. There, in the vicinity Blenheim, at a modest cemetery near the old parish church of Sir Winston Churchill found their last refuge.
Older children of Churchill devoted himself entirely to the care of the memory of his father. Sir Randolph took his rich literary heritage, prepared for publication a multi-volume collected works, and opened the Archive Center. A daughter, Lady Sarah Souls, all the forces sent to organization of museums. The first was opened for tourists in Blenheim house, with a memorial room that once served to store hats and throat wrap: the birth there of Sir Winnie formalized a becoming occasion interior - antique bed and other furnishings of the time. Not spared lady Souls of your attention and the Soviet Union - in the Crimea, in the famous Livadia Palace, opened the cabinet-library with a unique document of the Yalta Conference and his own gift - a bust of his father. And in 2005 - to mark the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II - in London will be a public secret headquarters of Churchill, where he and his government worked during the war.
Sir
Winston Churchill’s monument is a bronze figure of his baggy
on the background of Westminster today such as London landmarks as Tower
Bridge and Big Ben clock.
LITERATURE.