Фальшивые деньги

Министерство  образования и науки Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное 
учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«Новгородский государственный университет имени  Ярослава Мудрого»

ИЭиУ

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Кафедра иностранных языков 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Доклад  на тему: 

Фальшивые деньги

     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                                                                                                 
 
 
 

Великий Новгород

2012

History

    Counterfeit money is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery. Counterfeiting is probably as old as money itself. Before the introduction of paper money, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. During World War II, the Nazis forged British pounds and American dollars. Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality, and likeness to the real US dollar.

    Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society are: a reduction in the value of real money; and increase in prices (inflation) due to more money getting circulated in the economy - an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply; a decrease in the acceptability of paper money; and losses, when traders are not reimbursed for counterfeit money detected by banks, even if it is confiscated.

         When paper money was introduced in China in the 1200s, wood from mulberry trees was used to make the money. To control access to the paper, guards were stationed at mulberry forests. Counterfeiters were punished by death.

      Both in the United States, and England, counterfeiting was once punishable by death. Paper currency printed by Benjamin Franklin often bore the phrase "to counterfeit is death." The theory behind such harsh punishments was that one who had the skills to counterfeit currency was considered a threat to the safety of the State, and had to be eliminated.

   

Instances

     In 1926 a high-profile counterfeit scandal came to light in Hungary, when several people were arrested in the Netherlands while attempting to procure 10 million francs worth of fake French 1000-franc bills which had been produced in Hungary; after 3 years, the state-sponsored industrial scale counterfeit operation had finally collapsed. The League of Nations' investigation found Hungary's motives were to avenge its post-WWI territorial losses (blamed on Georges Clemenceau) and to use profits from the counterfeiting business to boost a militarist, border-revisionist ideology. Germany and Austria had an active role in the conspiracy, which required special machinery. The quality of fake bills was still substandard however, owing to France's use of exotic raw paper material imported from its colonies.

     During World War II, the Nazis attempted to implement a similar plan (Operation Bernhard) against the Allies. The Nazis took Jewish artists in theSachsenhausen concentration camp and forced them to forge British pounds and American dollars. The quality of the counterfeiting was very good, and it was almost impossible to distinguish between the real and fake bills. The Germans could not put their plan into action, and were forced to dump the counterfeit bills into a lake. Most of the bills were not recovered until the 1950s.

        Today the some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality, and likeness to the real US dollar. The source of the supernotes is disputed, with North Korea being vocally accused by US authorities. Recently, on May 23, 2007, the Swiss government has raised some doubt as to the ability of North Korea to produce the "Superdollars". Bulgaria and Colombia are also significant sources of counterfeit currency. The amount of counterfeit United States currency is estimated to be less than $3 per $10,000, with less than $3 per $100,000 difficult to detect.

Effect on society

     Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society are:

1. Reduction in the value of real money
2. Increase in prices (inflation) due to more money getting circulated in the economy - an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply
3. Decrease in the acceptability (satisfactoriness) of money - payees may demand electronic transfers of real money or payment in another currency (or even payment in a precious metal such as gold)
4. Companies are not reimbursed for counterfeits. This forces them to increase prices of commodities

    At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in currency, however, may be large.

Anti-counterfeiting measures

    Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, milled or reeded (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the shaving or clipping (paring off) of the rim of the coin. However, it does not detect sweating, or shaking coins in a bag and collecting the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in Colonial North America, one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a leaf in the bill. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce.

     In the late twentieth century advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to copy currency easily. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, microprinting and inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "EURion constellation" which disables modern photocopiers. Software programs such as Adobe Photoshophave been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes. There also exist patches to counteract these measures.

            In 1988 The Reserve Bank of Australia released the world's first long lasting and counterfeit-resistant polymer (plastic) banknotes with a special Bicentennial $10 note issue. After problems with this bill were discovered and addressed, in 1992 a problem-free $5 note was issued. In 1996 Australia became the first country to have a full series of circulating polymer banknotes. On 3 May 1999 the New Zealand Reserve Bank started circulating polymer banknotes printed by Note Printing Australia Limited. The technology developed is now used in 26 countries. Note Printing Australia is currently printing polymer notes for 18 countries.

List of notable counterfeiters

• Peter Alston, was the late 18th Century and early 19th Century counterfeiter and river pirate, who is believed to be Little Harpe's associate and partner in the murder of notorious outlaw leader Samuel Mason in 1803
• Philip Alston, was an 18th century counterfeiter both before and after the American Revolution in Virginia and the Carolinas before the war, and later in Kentucky and Illinois afterwards.
• Anatasios Arnaouti, a British counterfeiter of more than £2.5 million in fake money, sentenced in 2005.
• Abel Buell, American colonialist and republican who went from altering five-pound note engraving plates to publishing the first map of the new United States created by an American.
• Mary Butterworth, a counterfeiter in colonial America.
• William Chaloner, a British counterfeiter convicted by Sir Isaac Newton and hanged on 16 March 1699.
• Mike DeBardeleben, was sent to prison for counterfeiting the $20 bill
• Wesley Weber - was sent to prison for counterfeiting the Canadian hundred-dollar bill.
• Arthur Williams - was sent to prison for counterfeiting the one hundred U.S. dollar bill.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Список  литературы 

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_money