Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 16 Марта 2012 в 19:56, реферат
The United States Government needs to provide subsidies to private employers to extend parental leave benefits because it is necessary for the family’s health and welfare as well the employer’s best interest. The Government should be committed to help working parents balance work and family life in ways that are appropriate and satisfactory to business.
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Worldwide Maternity Leave Benefits, 2006-2007
Region |
Unpaid |
Full pay for less than |
Less than two-thirds |
At least two-thirds but |
Full pay for 14 weeks |
Industrialized countries |
United States |
Iceland, Malta |
Australia* ,Canada, Japan |
Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom |
Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain |
Central and Eastern Europe |
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Turkey |
Hungary, Slovakia |
Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Romania |
Belarus, Croatia, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Ukraine | |
Asia |
Papua New Guinea |
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Kiribati, Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand |
Mongolia |
Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam | |
Latin America |
Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay |
Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela | |||
Caribbean |
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago |
Belize |
|||
Middle East |
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, Yemen |
||||
Africa |
Lesotho, Swaziland |
Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Bissau, Kenya, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Niger, Somalia, South Africa |
Côte d'Ivoire |
Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, Togo |
* Australia's benefit, which begins in January 2011, will give parents 18 weeks of leave at the federal minimum wage of $569.90.
Source: International Labor Organization
Terms of parental leave and its basic features, European Union and United Stated
Countries |
Condition in the form of work experience |
Duration holidays |
Precautions to the ordinary period of leave |
work part-time |
Perturbation zhnost break vacation on the part |
Vacation pay (for 2003) |
Austria * |
None |
104 weeks |
Before the fourth anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
No |
14,5-20,5 Euros per day |
Belgium * |
12 months continuous service |
260 weeks |
For all of |
There is |
There is |
One-time payment of wage-face |
Germany * |
Four weeks, a businessman |
Before the third anniversary of the birth of a child |
Before the third anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
There is |
In the 12 months leave to 460 euros for 24 months -307 euros |
Greece * |
12 months continuous service |
13 weeks |
2.3 years from the date of birth |
There is |
There is |
No |
Denmark * |
1) In some cases, there |
10 weeks |
For maternity leave |
No |
No |
60% of unemployment benefits |
2) The other 120 hours of continuous service for 3 months |
26 weeks |
Before the ninth anniversary of the birth of a child |
No |
There is |
60% of unemployment benefits | |
Spain * |
None |
Before the first anniversary of the birth of a child |
Before the first anniversary of the birth of a child |
No |
No |
No |
Italy * |
None |
26 weeks |
Between four and ten months after giving birth |
No |
No |
No |
Netherlands * |
12 months continuous service |
Three months |
Until the sixth anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
There is |
No |
Norway |
None |
42-52 weeks of parental choice |
Before the first anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
No |
80% of salary for 52 weeks or 100% after 42 weeks |
Portugal |
Six months |
26 weeks |
After maternity leave |
No |
No |
No |
Finland * |
None |
1) 26 weeks |
1) The maternity leave |
No |
There is |
|
2) From the end of the first holiday to the third anniversary of the birth of a child |
2) After the end of maternity leave before the third anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
There is |
No | ||
France * |
12 months continuous service |
Before the third anniversary of the birth of a child |
Before the third anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
No |
The lump sum in respect of the second child: 495 euros |
Sweden * |
6 months |
18 months |
18 months |
There is |
There is |
No |
Reference USA |
12 months of experience and 1,250 hours of work for one employer for 12 months immediately preceding the holiday |
12 weeks |
Before the first anniversary of the birth of a child |
There is |
There is |
No |
In Eastern Europe, during communism, women were encouraged to join the labor force through incentives such as public affordable childcare services. After the fall of communism, there has been less emphasis in this area on policies enabling women to combine maternal and professional roles, the focus being on providing cash benefits and expanded parental leave, encouraging women to stay at home. Many of the governments opted for a male-breadwinner model, closing many childcare centers and withdrawing the financial support, developing a new
‘‘refamilization’’ trend, emphasizing that maternity and rearing children are a woman’s role, encouraging women to leave the labor market to raise children (Saxonberg and
Szelewa 2007). ‘‘Defamiliazing’’ policies on the other hand, shift the responsibility for care away from the family, by providing accessible and affordable child care services,
enabling women to join the labor force. As such, an imposed home care model seems typical for former communist countries, with economic hardship and high unemployment rates imposing home care without public support (Kontula 2008). promote explicit and implicit familism-pursuing policies to support the traditional family model (women as carers of
children), with longer paid parental leaves (2–3 years), but not providing subsidized child care centers (the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) while few support a more comprehensive model, the family receiving support in combining paid employment with high quality child care and a generous parental leave (Hungary, Lithuania) (Szelewa
and Polakowski 2008). The return of pro-natalism is perceived in Poland, Hungary and Estonia where there are greater benefits for larger families, while universal family
allowances are seen in Hungary, Romania and Baltic countries (Rostgaard 2004). In Eastern Europe re-institutionalization of gender-segregated employment and care-patterns was regarded as a means of reducing unemployment, by enabling mothers to provide care themselves rather than to enable them to participate in the labor market (Neyer 2006). The majority of the countries support private care by mothers through long parental and care-leaves mostly until the child is
3 years old, the benefits being usually flat rate at the level of the minimum wage (Neyer 2006).