Air pollution

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.^[1]

 Pollutant and Greenhouse gas

 

Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.

Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.^[2]

Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

• Sulfur oxides (SO_x) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO₂. SO₂ is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO₂, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO₂, forms H₂SO₄, and thus acid rain.[2] This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.
• Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO₂. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO₂ is one of the most prominent air pollutants.
• Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration
• Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH₄) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.
• Particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease,^[3] altered lung function and lung cancer.
• Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.^[4][5]
• Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use.
• Ammonia (NH₃) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH₃. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.
• Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
• Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

Secondary pollutants include:

• Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
• Ground level ozone (O₃) formed from NO_x and VOCs. Ozone (O₃) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
• Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NO_x and VOCs.

            Minor air pollutants include:

• A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.
• A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.

 

An air purifier is a device which removes contaminants from the air. These devices are commonly marketed as being beneficial to allergy sufferers and asthmatics, and at reducing or eliminating second-hand tobacco smoke. Commercial grade air purifiers are manufactured as either small stand-alone units or larger units that can be affixed to an air handler unit (AHU) or to an HVAC unit found in the medical, industrial, and commercial industries.

Dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and dust mite feces can act as allergens, triggering allergies in sensitive people. Smoke particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can pose a risk to health. Exposure to various components such as VOCs increases the likelihood of experiencing symptoms of sick building syndrome.^[1] Additionally, with the advancement in technology, air purifiers are becoming increasingly capable of capturing a greater number of bacterial, virus, and DNA damaging particulates. Air purifiers are used to reduce the concentration of these airborne contaminants and are very useful for people who suffer from allergies and asthma. Technological and scientific studies are also finding that poor air quality can be a contributing factor of some forms of cancer, respiratory illnesses, COPD, and other pulmonary infections and illnesses

Air purifiers also reduce the need for frequent room and area cleaning of dust.

Загрязнение атмосферы — привнесение в атмосферный воздух новых нехарактерных для него физических, химических и биологических веществ или изменение их естественной концентрации.

Основные загрязнители атмосферного воздуха:

• Оксид углерода
• Оксиды азота
• Диоксид серы
• Углеводороды
• Альдегиды
• Тяжёлые металлы (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr)
• Аммиак
• Атмосферная пыль
• Радиоактивные изотопы

Окись углерода (СО) – бесцветный газ, не имеющий запаха, известен также под названием «угарный газ». Образуется в результате неполного сгорания ископаемого топлива (угля, газа, нефти) в условиях недостатка кислорода и при низкой температуре. При этом 65% от всех выбросов приходится на транспорт, 21% - на мелких потребителей и бытовой сектор, а 14% - на промышленность^{[источник не указан 146 дней]}. При вдыхании угарный газ за счёт имеющейся в его молекуле двойной связи образует прочные комплексные соединения с гемоглобином крови человека и тем самым блокирует поступление кислорода в кровь.

Двуокись углерода (СО₂) – или углекислый газ, - бесцветный газ с кисловатым запахом и вкусом, продукт полного окисления углерода. Является одним из парниковых газов.

Двуокись серы (SO₂) (диоксид серы, сернистый ангидрид) - бесцветный газ с резким запахом. Образуется в процессе сгорания серосодержащих ископаемых видов топлива, в основном угля, а также при переработке сернистых руд. Он, в первую очередь, участвует в формировании кислотных дождей. Общемировой выброс SO₂ оценивается в 190 млн. тонн в год. Длительное воздействие диоксида серы на человека приводит вначале к потере вкусовых ощущений, стесненному дыханию, а затем – к воспалению или отеку лёгких, перебоям в сердечной деятельности, нарушению кровообращения и остановке дыхания.

Окислы азота (оксид  и диоксид азота) – газообразные вещества: монооксид азота NO и диоксид азота NO₂ объединяются одной общей формулой NO_х . При всех процессах горения образуются окислы азота, причем большей частью в виде оксида. Чем выше температура сгорания, тем интенсивнее идет образование окислов азота. Другим источником окислов азота являются предприятия, производящие азотные удобрения, азотную кислоту и нитраты, анилиновые красители, нитросоединения. Количество окислов азота, поступающих в атмосферу, составляет 65 млн. тонн в год. От общего количества выбрасываемых в атмосферу оксидов азота на транспорт приходится 55%, на энергетику – 28%, на промышленные предприятия – 14%, на мелких потребителей и бытовой сектор – 3%.

Озон (О₃) – газ с характерным запахом, более сильный окислитель, чем кислород. Его относят к наиболее токсичным из всех обычных загрязняющих воздух примесей. В нижнем атмосферном слое озон образуется в результате фотохимических процессов с участием диоксида азота и летучих органических соединений.

Углеводороды – химические соединения углерода и водорода. К ним относят тысячи различных загрязняющих атмосферу веществ, содержащихся в несгоревшем бензине, жидкостях, применяемых в химчистке, примышленных растворителях и т.д.

Свинец (Pb ) – серебристо-серый металл, токсичный в любой известной форме. Широко используется для производства красок, боеприпасов, типографского сплава и т.п. Около 60% мировой добычи свинца ежегодно расходуется для производства кислотных аккумуляторов. Однако основным источником (около 80%) загрязнения атмосферы соединениями свинца являются выхлопные газы транспортных средств, в которых используется этилированный бензин.

Промышленные пыли в  зависимости от механизма их образования  подразделяются на следующие 4 класса:

• механическая пыль – образуется в результате измельчения продукта в ходе технологического процесса;
• возгоны – образуются в результате объёмной конденсации паров веществ при охлаждении газа, пропускаемого через технологический аппарат, установку или агрегат;
• летучая зола – содержащийся в дымовом газе во взвешенном состоянии несгораемый остаток топлива, образуется из его минеральных примесей при горении;
• промышленная сажа – входящий в состав промышленного выброса твёрдый высокодисперсный углерод, образуется при неполном сгорании или термическом разложении углеводородов.

Основными источниками  антропогенных аэрозольных загрязнений  воздуха являются теплоэлектростанции (ТЭС), потребляющие уголь. Сжигание каменного угля, производство цемента и выплавка чугуна дают суммарный выброс пыли в атмосферу, равный 170 млн. тонн в год

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Air Purifiers

 

 

 

Smagulova Botagoz

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